Abstract: With the exponential growth of digital data, ensuring efficient and secure online file transmission has become a significant challenge. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of hybrid ...

Abstract: Images are present in everything these days, from satellite photography to medical scans, and they have a profound impact on how people view and understand the world. The daily generation of ...

Discovered “salting” — adding unique random data to each password hash. Used Python’s os.urandom () and binascii to generate salts. Switched from .txt to a .json file for structured, safer storage.